Zoning for Vibrant Villages
A seven-county proposal · 2026

A driveway every one hundred and fifty feet, on every county road, all at once.

That is the practical effect of the Jo Daviess County zoning amendment on the table this spring — a wholesale cut in the rural minimum lot size from forty acres to one, paired with a 150-foot frontage requirement per parcel. By the time it is built out, it is also the rule that forecloses any future of low-speed-vehicle corridors, multimodal trails, and shared-use roads across the Driftless.

There is a better draft. This site is the working version.

Filed from Hanover · Elizabeth · Galena · the Apple River watershed

Saturday evening · Hanover · 2046

The Apple River is gold in the dusk. Along Main Street, sidewalk tables are full — a couple from Elizabeth who took the LSV trail in for dinner, a family that stabled their horses at the corridor terminal an hour ago, two graduate students who biked down from Stockton.

None of this exists yet. It is allowed, or disallowed, by decisions being made right now in a Jo Daviess County board room — beginning with whether to permit subdivision down to one acre, and whether to do it on purpose or by accident.

This site is an argument that on purpose is the choice worth making, and a working draft of what that purpose would have to be.

Where this stands in Jo Daviess.

§ 00

The amendment in plain terms.

Drop the Ag-1 minimum lot size from 40 acres to 1. Require 150 feet of road frontage per parcel. That is a 40-fold increase in permitted density across every unincorporated acre in Jo Daviess County, and it is the rule that determines whether any of the seven county roads in the proposed corridor network can ever be safely shared with cyclists and low-speed vehicles.

What the City of Galena has said.

A letter to the County co-signed by Mayor Terry Renner, City Administrator Matthew Oldenburg, Zoning Administrator Jonathan Miller, and City Attorney Joseph Knack puts the city formally on record opposing the amendment. The letter projects the cost of community services would move from $1.02 to $2.11 per dollar of property tax revenue generated — fiscally distressed territory by any standard methodology — and names aquifer and septic risks in the coulees as substantive grounds on their own.

What this site argues.

The argument is not vote no. It is vote no on this version, and direct staff to bring back a draft built on Conservation Subdivision Design — clustered lots, consolidated access points keyed to corridor planning, and a sliding-scale minimum lot size that responds to slope, soil depth, and aquifer sensitivity rather than a single flat number.

That is a defensible policy package. It gives the development-rights constituency a path to subdivide. It gives the conservation and safety constituency the protections they need. And it preserves the corridor future this site proposes for all seven counties.

Read the better draft →   Jo Daviess in detail →

What defines an LSV community.

§ 01
20minutes at 25 mph by eBike or LSV
or 2 hours by horse

An LSV community is anywhere two village centers sit within twenty minutes of each other at the lawful top speed of a low-speed vehicle. That is roughly eight miles — about the distance from Hanover to Elizabeth, from Mt. Carroll to Lanark, from Stockton to Warren.

The unit of planning is not the parcel. It is the corridor between two places people already live, and the question of what one can reasonably do along its length.

Read the full definitions →

What the end looks like.

§ 02

A vibrant village with a walkable downtown.

Cars exist; they are not the protagonist. Parking moves out of sight. Sidewalks widen. The river or the trail is the front of the building, not the back.

Sidewalk dining and pedestrian priority.

Along river fronts and trail edges, the street belongs first to people on foot — then to bikes and LSVs — then to vehicles passing through. Each town keeps its own character; no two downtowns are interchangeable.

Equestrian hubs within view.

Horses are stabled at the edge of the village, near the trail terminal, with water, shade, manure management, and trailer parking — visible from the downtown, not hidden in a back lot.

Evening hours that mean something.

Dining, music, shopping, and lodging that reflect the character of each town — Hanover is not Galena, Stockton is not Mt. Morris, and the plan does not pretend otherwise.

Seven counties, one corridor logic.

§ 03

The Hanover–Elizabeth corridor in Jo Daviess County is the pilot. The same template applies, with local variations, across the six counties to the east. Each county page is the place to argue about what the local version should be.

What people are asking.

§ 04

A plan that does not take its critics seriously is a plan that will fail at the county-board level. Each county page surfaces these questions in local form; here are the seven we keep hearing.

The working farmer

If my neighbor sells to a developer, do I get a row of houses across my fenceline complaining about manure and dust?

The landowner considering an exit

Whatever you call this, does it protect what my land is worth — or limit my options?

The young family

Galena is unaffordable and the city is far. Is there somewhere within reach where we could actually live?

The county board member

Who pays for the roads, septic, EMS, and school buses to scattered parcels — and what's the alternative?

The environmental advocate

This is Driftless karst. Groundwater is fragile. How does this proposal protect what scattered subdivision would not?

The equestrian community

If you mean it about corridors, what are the actual standards for surfacing, parking, water, and stabling at the terminals?

The historic congregation

Our building has held this community for a hundred and forty years. What is the village without it — and what is the building without us?

Where the conversation continues.

§ 05

The vision, in four exhibits.

§ 06

The four pages below are the working visual handouts for this project — the same materials being circulated at township halls, county board meetings, and over coffee in Galena, Hanover, and Elizabeth. They are drafts. Argue with them.

Zoning for Vibrant Villages — the opportunity zones.

Exhibit 01
Map of northwestern Illinois showing red circles around towns including East Dubuque, Galena, Apple Canyon Lake, Stockton, Warren, Orangeville, Lena, Pearl City, Forreston, Polo, Milledgeville, Lanark/Shannon, Mount Carroll, Savanna, and Thomson — each circle representing a 20-minute LSV opportunity zone. The Hanover-Elizabeth Recreational Corridor Hub is highlighted in blue at the center.
The regional picture. Every red circle marks a twenty-minute opportunity zone — the distance an eBike or LSV can cover at 25 mph from a village center. The blue circle is the Hanover-Elizabeth Recreational Corridor Hub, the pilot. The argument written under the map is the operative one for any county on the page: before allowing small-parcel zoning, each county needs to first identify a priority recreational corridor for off-highway access to entertainment districts in each village.

The Hanover–Elizabeth Recreational Corridor Hub.

Exhibit 02
Detail map of the Hanover-Elizabeth Recreational Corridor Hub showing routed corridors connecting Chestnut Mountain Resort, Witkowsky Preserve, Blanding Landing Campground, Orchard Landing, Fergedaboudit Winery, River Ridge School, Schurmeier Preserve, Lost Mound National Wildlife Refuge, and Hanover and Elizabeth themselves. Three corridor types are shown: multimodal corridor (existing road), dedicated equestrian corridor, and dedicated LSV and eBike corridor. Hanover traffic is restricted to 25 mph; LSVs are barred from Hwy 20 in Elizabeth.
The pilot, in detail. Three corridor types, color-coded: multimodal (existing road, separated paths for vehicles, LSVs, and equestrian use), dedicated equestrian (horses only — no eBikes, LSVs, or motor vehicles), and dedicated LSV/eBike (residents and farm traffic only at 25 mph, no through-traffic). The recommended adjacent-corridor lot size is 3 acres — the specific number behind the general policy proposal on the Better Draft page. The corridors name the actual properties: Chestnut Mountain, Witkowsky and Schurmeier Preserves, Blanding Landing, Lost Mound, the new River Ridge School.

Suggested LSV Corridors for Galena.

Exhibit 03
Map of Galena, Illinois, showing a network of proposed LSV corridors radiating from downtown Galena: Vinegar Hill, Council Hill, Red Gates, Dewey Avenue, Franklin Street, Gear Street, Ferry Landing, Pilot's Knob, Casper Bluff, Rocky Hill, Irish Hollow, and the Galena River Trail. The Stagecoach Trail is proposed as a multimodal corridor with separated paths. The Galena Hwy 20 Bypass is shown along with the New Bartell Blvd multi-family development site. The Blackjack Rd Cutoff is labeled as a key connector. A timeline panel lists six 5-to-30-year priorities: zoning changes, earmark land purchases, adopt LSV regulations, eBike guidelines, passenger rail (with bikes), and the Hwy 20 Bypass.
The walking-city restoration. Galena is the county seat and the largest tourism node, and its corridor map is correspondingly dense — Vinegar Hill, Council Hill, Red Gates, Dewey Avenue, Franklin, Gear, Ferry Landing, Pilot's Knob, Casper Bluff, Rocky Hill, Irish Hollow. The Stagecoach Trail becomes a multimodal corridor; the Galena River Trail extends; the eventual Hwy 20 Bypass redirects through-traffic away from the historic core. The frame for Galena is explicit: encourage the entire region to see Galena the same way residents of The Villages in Florida see their community.

The Steps to Success.

Exhibit 04
A five-step procedural framework: first, earmark recreational corridors that make sense to landowners, residents, and tourists; second, rezone land along corridors with strict limits on new sideroads (no single-family driveways onto an LSV corridor except under extenuating circumstances); third, watch for people seeking to take advantage of property value increases; fourth, capture necessary easements with a right-of-first-refusal caveat (which may require the county or village to first buy, subdivide, and re-list the parcel); fifth, actively pursue buyers who are interested in public-private partnerships. A case study below shows a proposed e-Bike/LSV corridor from Gateway Park and Powder House Hill Rd to Downtown Galena, crossing the CN Railway corridor at Buehler Preserve — with a note that the railway easement has high probability of success in exchange for fewer pedestrians crossing the tracks.
The procedural framework. Five sequential steps, ordered by what comes first politically as much as logistically: earmark corridors, rezone with strict driveway controls, monitor for speculation, capture easements with rights of first refusal, and pursue public-private partnerships aligned to each village's vision. The Galena case study at the foot of the page — a Gateway Park to downtown corridor across a CN Rail easement — is the operational example of how this framework leads to a working trail rather than an abstract plan.

These exhibits are the work of Lester Leavitt, MPA, on behalf of Driftless Rivers Coalition, Inc. They are excerpted from the working document Jo Daviess County 2076 — Vibrant Village Centers for the Third Century, available on request through the contact form at DriftlessRivers.us.